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‘A’ level Family and Religious Studies question & answer

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Mhuri
Muneni

Question:
Moses was more than a prophet. Discuss.
A prophet is a servant
of God. He is a messenger of Yahweh according to B.W Anderson. This means that
what the prophet says is Yahweh’s will. Moses is a typical prophetic figure
whose traits are above those of an ordinary prophet. He performed quite a
number of roles which qualifies him to be regarded as being more than a
prophet.
 •As a prophet of Yahweh, Moses received his prophetic
call when he was herding Jethro’s sheep. According to A. Marara, a prophetic
call is one of the important signatures of a true prophet. Moses received a
call which is a testimony enough to call him a prophet.
After receiving a call,
the prophet will then be commissioned. Commissioning refers to a situation when
the prophet is given a mandate to accomplish. This is what happened to Moses
when he was tasked to redeem the Israelites from the Egyptian bondage. This,
therefore, proves that Moses was a typical example of a prophetic figure.
In addition to the
above, Moses performed some intercessory roles. A prophet is an ambassador of
Yahweh whose mandate is to intercede for the people. R.A.B Ewbank posits that
prophets are intercessors; they pray on behalf of the people just like what
Moses did during the exodus when the Israelites were complaining. This, therefore,
proves that he was a prophet. He was a fearless person in terms of executing
Yahweh’s commands.
B. W .Anderson
describes Moses as a prophet par excellence. This may be taken to imply that he
was more than a mere prophet. He is the only prophet who spoke to God face to
face as if he was talking to a friend. (Deuteronomy 34:10).
As a prophet, Moses was
chosen by Yahweh to be the mediator of the Sinai Covenant which became the
backbone of the messages of future prophets.
According to J. Hayes,
the Deuteronomic assessment of Moses as a prophet is clearly shown in the
incident of the 70 elders with whom he shared his spirit with and they
prophesied ecstatically. This amongst many other examples, suggest that Moses
exercised a variety of other functions, like his political roles through his
negotiations with the Egyptian pharaoh.
Moses was however more
than a simple prophet, He also performed other roles. He was a lawmaker as
evidenced by his mediation of the Decalogue. It is for this reason that
Donfleming calls him a lawgiver.
He also performed some
leadership roles in connection with most of his activities. Some might argue
that Moses was more than a prophet because of his multiple roles. VonRadd posits
that he was a political leader who was made a prophet by later editors. Others,
however, argue that these roles arose naturally through the nature of his call
and the circumstances under which he exercised his prophetic responsibilities.
Furthermore, some scholars do argue that there is so much evidence of intense
editorial activity in connection with the OT portrait of Moses, which is
idealized and anachronistic (e.g. Numbers 11).
Moses’ real role can no
longer be described accurately. He was a leader of the Israelite nation.
However his other roles came from the spiritual capacity he had of being a
prophet, hence he was more than just a prophet.
Mhuri Muneni is a
teacher at Errymaple High School, Zvishane.
He is a holder of B.A
degree, as we as a post graduate Diploma in Education
.

Citizens reject Constitution Amendment II

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…as ZHOCD calls for active citizen participation in constitutional matters

Ruvarashe Chichera

MASVINGO  Zimbabwe Heads of
Christian Denominations(ZHOCD), which consists of Zimbabwe Council of Churches
(ZCC), Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace for Zimbabwe (CCJP),
Evangelical Fellowship of Zimbabwe (EFZ), Zimbabwe Catholic Bishops Conference
(ZCBC) and UDACIZA gathered at St Peters’ and Paul Cathedral to increase
awareness on the amendments that government wants to effect on the
Constitution.
Several
stakeholders including representatives from the police, army, prison services
and various Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) participated in the interactive
proceedings.
CCJPZ
national director, Paul Muchena said it was critical for civic to be actively
involved in civic issues that impact the nation.
“It
is pivotal that citizens of this country take part in these kinds of
discussions. The Constitution is the supreme law of the land and whatever
citizens and their leaders decide to do with it must be in the open. We therefore
appreciate this collective effort by ZHOCD to create this platform,” Muchena
said.
People
were put in seven groups of youths, religious leaders, CSOs to discuss various
aspects of the proposed amendments and make presentations to the whole
gathering.
From
the proceedings, it became clear that many people opposed almost all the
proposed amendments, with others saying the changes would reverse democratic
gains and entrench too much power in the President.
The
youths suggested that it was imperative for government to advance the national
interest by implementing all provisions of the Constitution, rather than make wholesale
amendments only a mere seven years after the document was adopted.
“As
the youth we are not convinced why there is need to amend the constitution. We
need power and rights of full representation of young people in parliament. As
the youth we also deserve the chance to campaign for political office and not
wait for appointments. As for amending the term “removal of President”, if the
government really feels it’s a matter that deserves attention, they should
actually add similar translations of the term in Shona and Ndebele because if a
President is doing his job properly, he will not be removed,” said a youth representative.
Other
groups criticise plans to remove the running mate clause, saying such a move
would reverse attempts to democratise the vice presidency.
They
said it was not proper to amend the Constitution when it has not yet been fully
implemented.

Zimcodd, CHRRA on women empowerment drive in Chivhu

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Elliot
Jinjika
CHIVHU-
The
Zimbabwe Coalition on Debt and Development (Zimcodd) and the Chivhu Residents
and Ratepayers Alliance (CHRRA) recently partnered for a women empowerment
workshop where women received information on their social and economic rights.
Zimcodd is a social and economic justice coalition
established in 2000 to facilitate citizens’ involvement in making public policy.
Programs Coordinator Ellen Chipunza indicated that a
lot of women in Zimbabwe lack information on their social and economic rights hence
Zimcodd saw it proper to enlighten women across the board in Zimbabwe.
“Most women have their rights infringed on a daily
basis because they do not know their rights. As Zimcodd, we are not concerned
by political rights but our focus is on socio-economic rights and issues that
affect women in their society daily,” said Chipunza.
A number of women who attended the workshop
including vendors showed appreciation to Zimcodd and CHRRA for such an
initiative indicating that it was an eye opener.
“As vendors we have learnt a lot here and we will
take what we have acquired here to our colleagues.
“The problem we face is that we do not know our
rights as citizens hence most of the time, we are taken advantage of. We have
learnt that we have to speak out and be our own voices,” said one woman who
attended the workshop.
During the workshop, it was however highlighted that
Chivhu lacks proper information dissemination channels on critical events for
example parliamentary portfolio committee meetings and other related activities
which then leaves out a number of women who should be available to make contributions
and point out issues that affect them in society.

Legal Perspectives: Adultery Damages in Zimbabwe

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with Fidelicy Nyamukondiwa
Adultery is the consensual
sexual intercourse between a married person and someone other than the person’s
spouse. Thou shall not commit adultery is God’s seventh Commandment. Biblical
David was chastised for committing adultery with Uriah’s wife. Culturally,
adultery is regarded as ploughing into someone’s field and those who commits it
are shunned and condemned. The term damages refers to a
sum of money awarded by a court as compensation
for loss or injury.

It
is a known fact that society no-longer frown at adultery the same way it used
to in the past. For that reason, South Africa outlawed adultery damages in 2014
through the case of RH v DE. Botswana
followed suit on May 02, 2018 through the Kgale
v Mhotsha
case. This article
briefly explores the concept and current status of adultery damages in
Zimbabwe.

A
year after adultery damages were thrown in the South African rubbish bin, an attempt
was made to have adultery damages declared unconstitutional in Zimbabwe. This
was through the case of Njodzi v Matione.
The court found that the reasoning adopted in South Africa and some other
countries was inapplicable in Zimbabwe. It went on to conclude that adultery remains
wrongful in Zimbabwe and that there is nothing unconstitutional about an
adultery damages claim.

Whilst adultery claims
are still part of our law, it must be emphasized that it was long
decriminalised. This means that adultery is only civil and a person cannot be
arrested by the police for committing it.
Adultery
damages are claimable on two distinct grounds. The first ground is the injury, hurt, insult
and indignity inflicted upon an innocent spouse. This is known as ‘contumelia’. Loss of ‘consortium’ is the second ground upon
which adultery damages are claimable. It is the loss of love, comfort, society
and services of the other spouse as a result of the adulterous relationship.

In
determining the quantum of damages (the sum of money to be awarded) in a claim,
the factors to be taken into account by the court includes; character of the
woman or the man involved, social and economic status of the parties, whether
the perpetrator has shown contrition and has apologised, the decrease in the
value of money and the level of awards in similar cases.

A
spouse cannot claim adultery damages from his/her own spouse. This is regarded
as suing oneself. Only the third party can be sued. A male or female in a ‘Chapter 37’ marriage (now
Marriages Act, Chapter 5:11) may
sue the third party for adultery
. There are two factors that must
be proved in an adultery claim. The plaintiff must first prove that defendant
was in an adulterous affair with his/her spouse.  Plaintiff must also prove on a balance of
probabilities that defendant knew of the existence of plaintiff’s a marriage.

It should be noted that a
man in a traditional ‘marriage’ (without a marriage certificate) can sue another
man who engages in an adulterous relationship with his customary wife.
Regrettably, this right is only for customarily married men and not women. A customary
women cannot claim adultery damages
Adultery
amounts to corruption of an innocent spouse’s matrimonial bed. Its damages are
underpinned on the preservation of sanctity of the marriage institution
encapsulated in section 78 of the Constitution. Whilst other countries have
outlawed the delict of adultery, it remains part of our law to protect the
sacrosanct marriage institutions and to compensate the innocent spouse for
injury, hurt, insult, indignity, loss of love and comfort caused by the
adulterer.
Fiat
Justitia Ruat Caelum!
Nyamukondiwa
writes here in his personal capacity. Contactable on 0785827154
nhanyams@yahoo.com 
https://twitter.com/FidelNyams

Woman jailed one year after husband reports her for theft

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Ruvarashe Chichera

MASVINGO
A hairdresser at Flamboyant Hotel was last week sentenced to 12 months
imprisonment by magistrate Patience Madondo after her vindictive husband
exposed her for stealing hotel towels, bed sheets, cutlery and crockery.
Magistrate
Madondo set aside four months from the 12 and wholly suspended the remaining
eight months on condition that Kadambu performed 280 hours of community
service.
Primrose
Kadambu stole seven towels, five white bed sheets, two dinner plates, five forks,
one stainless steel knife and one table spoon which were in the saloon at
Flamboyant Hotel.
The
State’s case as presented by Malvern Mapako was that, Kadambu who resides at
19156 Ingwe Drive Rujeko C, and is employed as a hairdresser at Flamboyant Hotel,
stole hotel towels and cutlery on February 16, 2020.
The
stolen property was taken to her home where she intended to use it.
Kadambu’s
luck ran out when she had a misunderstanding with her husband, Liberty
Chiweshe, who then took the stolen property back to the hotel to fix her.
Raymond
Mapuranga, a security guard at the hotel, identified the property and advised
the chief security officer Maxwell Gonye who made a report to the police
leading to Kadambu’s arrest.

Makanaka High on Great Zimbabwe educational tour

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Triader
Chipunza

MASVINGO
Makanaka
High School recently took its history class on an educational tour of the Great
Zimbabwe monuments to help familiarise them to an important symbol of the
country’s cultural heritage.
The school, which is
situated in Victoria Ranch, organised the tour also as part of efforts to
promote visual learning.
The History and
Heritage class was led by its teacher Tinotenda Muvhimi who said that it was
important for pupils to see the actual sites where historical states existed.
He said such tours were
important to help children gain a better understanding and appreciation of the
subject.
“When pupils are taught
about the Great Zimbabwe State, some think that it’s just a folk tale so
bringing pupils to see for themselves will help them understand and appreciate
an important aspect of their own history.
“At Makanaka High
School we believe in a hands-on approach towards education, and we are
privileged that we are close to some of the most iconic heritage sites in the
country. We therefore have to go beyond teaching about them but going to see
them.
“In
such fields as History and Heritage, visual learning is vital as most of the
things that we teach existed in the past yet the remains visible signs of the
existence of those things. The Great Zimbabwe national monuments bear evidence
to the existence of a powerful kingdom many centuries ago,” said Muvhimi.
He
said the school hoped to keep on exposing its pupils to other places of
historical significance around the country.

Masvingo senior passports officer Chimbombe cleared of rape

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Julius Chimombe

TellZim Reporter

MASVINGO – The Magistrates’s Court recently cleared the accounting
officer in the Masvingo provincial Registrar General (RG)’s office, Julius
Chimombe of raping and indecently assaulting a subordinate.
Magistrate Dambudzo Malunga acquitted
Chimombe after the State and complainant failed to convince the court that the
alleged offences were indeed committed.
The complainant in the case was
Listen Tauyanago, a processing officer who also worked at the Masvingo passport
office but has since been transferred to Mashava.
Tauyanago (37) alleged that
Chimombe raped and indecently touched her on two separate occasions back in
2017.
At the close of the trial, the
State – which was led by Liberty Hove – had failed to furnish the court with
actual dates on which the alleged rape and act of indecent assult took place.
The State had called many people
who work at the passport office, including registrar Lazarus Mahuni to testify as
witnesses.
The State had claimed that
Tauyanago failed to report the case on time fearing for her job and the
collapse of her marriage.
Some sources privy to the case,
however, said the case was a hatchet job emanating from acrimonious work-place politics
and petty jealousy.
Chimombe was represented by
Charles Ndlovu of Ndlovu and Hwacha.

Zanu PF Cllr slapped 15 years for raping mentally-challenged woman


Mukai Musimwa

CHIPINGE –
A sadistic appetite for sex has landed a Zanu PF Chipinge Rural Ward 13
councilor in the dock after he was slapped with a 15 years jail sentence for
raping a mentally challenged woman.
David
Chivhovho (63) of Plot number 49 Grassflats Village under Chief Mutema will serve
an effective 12 years imprisonment after three years were set aside on the
condition that he does not commit a similar offence.
It
was the State’s case that in February 2019, Chivhovho went to the victim’s home
knowing fully that she would be alone.
He
produced a knife and threatened the victim with death if she refused his
advances before pulling her into the kitchen hut.
Chivhovho
laid the victim on the floor and forced open her legs and removed her under
garment before having sexual intercourse with her once and left.
Out
of fear, the victim did not disclose the ordeal to anyone and Chivhovho came
back and raped her again on two separate occasions in the month of February
2019.
The
victim kept quiet again and later on gathered courage and reported her ordeal
to her aunt who went and made a report to village head Masunungure where
Chivhovho promised to pay two cattle and $500 for his deeds.
The
matter found itself into the hands of the police after a tip off by other
villagers which led to the arrest of Chivhovho.
With
the sentencing of Chivhovho, Ward 13 has become vacant and is now open for a
by-election.

Maduyu Driving School to open new branches

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Mark Chavunduka

MASVINGO – Maduyu
Driving School plans to extend its territory by opening new branches in Mashava,
Bhuka, Filabusi and Zvishavane before the end of this year.
The
driving school, whose offices are at Number 4 Hellet Street, began operating
back in 2017 and has grown in reputation for classes 2 and 4 practical lessons
as well as oral lessons.
Maduyu
Driving School instructor Titos Maduyu said the company was proud of what it
had achieved in its relatively short history.
“We
are really pleased by our achievements and we are working harder to do more.
Many people are now proud holders of driver’s licences courtesy of the work
that Maduyu Driving School is doing.
“People
in remoter parts of the region find it difficult to come to Masvingo town for
driving lessons because of transport costs. We, therefore, have decided to open
new branches in those areas,” said Maduyu.
The
driving school wants to start offering class 2 and 4 lessons in Mashava, Buka,
Filabusi and Zvishavane but also wishes to extend its territory to bigger
cities.
“We
offer class 2 and 4 but we promise to start offering class 1 lessons this year.  It is within our wishes to expand the driving
school to Harare, Gweru, Mutare and Bulawayo,” said Maduyu.
The
driving school has reduced the cost of class 2 and 4 lessons to cushion
prospective drivers who find themselves in difficult financial positions owing
to the unfavourable economic climate prevailing in the country.
Promotions
that are often offered include a free practical driving lesson for every 10
fully-paid-for lessons.
A
full course package comes with an incentive of a free vehicle when going for
final test at the Vehicle Inspectorate Depot (VID).
“We
can also customise packages to suit an individual learner driver’s needs and
concerns since we are part of the community. While we teach driving, we are
also driven by the desire to make a change in people’s lives,” said Maduyu.

Suspended Gweru Town Clerk’s US$176 000 car delivered

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Suspended Gweru TC Gwatipedza’s new wheels


…residents threaten demonstration
Tinaani Nyabereka      
GWERU– The
under fire City of Gweru Town Clerk Elizabeth Gwatipedza could soon be smiling
all the way back to work if cleared on corruption charges after the city
council has finally finished paying for her brand new Toyota Land Cruiser VX
car.
Gwatipedza
was suspended in 2019 on incompetence and corruption charges but the local
authority had started paying for her car in 2018 which cost residents US$176
000.
City of
Gweru mayor Josiah Makombe said that the council has cleared all the money for
the car to Toyota Amalgamated Motor Company (AMC) whom he said will deliver the
car soon.
“The car
was bought by the council and it remains council property. The payment was
started in 2018 and it has been paid in batches.
“The
council has now finished paying for the car and we now await delivery. It was
bought for the Town Clerk who is on suspension pending a disciplinary hearing.
“For the
benefit of residents let me make it clear that the vehicle was bought at a 1:1
rate while the bond was still equivalent to the United States dollars,” added
Makombe.
Gweru
Residents and Ratepayers Association (GRRA) director Selipiwe Cornilia said the
council is going out of its way to buy luxurious cars for the management when
little attention is given to service delivery threatening a demonstration if
the new car is not exchanged for an ambulance and other service delivery
vehicles.
“As
residents, it is our wish to see our officials driving dignified cars but it’s
a challenge now if they buy top of the range cars for themselves while buying
second hand vehicles for service delivery. That on its own compromises service
delivery.
“Also
our roads are not worthy for us to buy vehicles of US$176 000 because they are poor
.If these cars break down it’s us residents who will ensure that they are serviced
again.
“We urge
the mayor and management to reconsider the car for exchange with an ambulance
and other two service vehicles for the betterment of service delivery failure
of which we will demonstrate,” added Cornilia.