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The Difference Between History and Heritage Studies: A Critical Analysis

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The Difference Between History and Heritage Studies: A Critical Analysis

By Aleta Makomeke – Opinionist and Senior Educationist

The distinction between History and Heritage Studies often sparks debate in educational circles, particularly when addressing their relevance and importance within a national curriculum. While both subjects delve into the past, their focus and outcomes are strikingly different. History is primarily the study of past events, focusing on understanding societal, political, and economic developments over time. It critically evaluates sources, interprets evidence, and seeks to reconstruct narratives about what happened and why. Heritage Studies, on the other hand, is more concerned with the preservation, celebration, and understanding of a community’s cultural identity, traditions, and values as passed down from generation to generation. While History seeks to analyze the past, Heritage Studies seeks to live it. 

The importance of each subject cannot be overstated. History equips learners with critical thinking and analytical skills, teaching them how to assess sources and arrive at reasoned conclusions. It fosters an understanding of change, continuity, and the interconnectedness of societies over time. Conversely, Heritage Studies instills a sense of belonging and identity, emphasizing the importance of cultural preservation in an increasingly globalized world. By engaging with oral traditions, artifacts, and indigenous knowledge systems, Heritage Studies provides learners with a deeper understanding of who they are and where they come from. 

In Zimbabwe, the decision to make Heritage Studies a compulsory subject at  O Level in the Heritage-Based Curriculum reflects a deliberate effort to prioritize cultural preservation and national identity over a purely analytical engagement with the past. This decision stems from the recognition that Zimbabwe, like many African nations, has a rich but undervalued cultural heritage that is at risk of being eroded by Western influences. Heritage Studies provides a platform for learners to reconnect with traditional values, understand indigenous knowledge systems, and appreciate the sacrifices of liberation war heroes who fought for the nation’s independence. In contrast, History as a standalone subject often focuses on global narratives and colonial perspectives, which, while important, may not adequately address the specific needs of Zimbabwean learners to forge a strong national identity. 

This approach contrasts sharply with Nigeria’s recent policy to make History a compulsory subject from  primary school level. After removing History from its curriculum for over a decade, Nigeria realized the detrimental effects of sidelining the subject, including a generation that lacked a basic understanding of their nation’s past. Nigeria’s decision reflects the belief that History is essential for shaping informed citizens who can critically engage with their country’s political and social challenges. The Nigerian case underscores the importance of History in fostering critical thinking and national consciousness, demonstrating that while Heritage Studies may build identity, History builds intellectual capacity and civic awareness. 

Globally, both subjects have proven to be  transformative in different ways. Countries such as South Africa have successfully incorporated Heritage Studies into their curriculum to address the legacy of apartheid, promoting reconciliation and cultural pride. Similarly, Rwanda has leveraged Heritage Studies to foster unity and healing following the 1994 genocide. On the other hand, History has been pivotal in nations like Germany, where the rigorous teaching of the Holocaust has instilled a commitment to human rights and democracy. These examples highlight that both subjects, when properly implemented, can address specific national needs and foster societal growth. 

Career prospects aligned to each subject also demonstrate their unique contributions. History graduates often find opportunities in academia, research,law, journalism, international relations, and public administration, where their analytical and interpretative skills are highly valued. Heritage Studies, on the other hand, opens doors to careers in museum curation, cultural tourism, archaeology, and heritage management, which are increasingly relevant in countries seeking to leverage their cultural assets for economic growth. 

In the 21st century, where globalization and technological advancements are reshaping societies, the inclusion of either subject in the curriculum must align with contemporary dynamics. Heritage Studies offers a counterbalance to the homogenizing effects of globalization by promoting cultural distinctiveness and pride. It encourages sustainable tourism, which is a growing global industry. History, however, remains indispensable for fostering critical thinking and an informed citizenry capable of navigating complex political and social landscapes. A balanced curriculum that incorporates both subjects can produce learners who are not only proud of their heritage but also equipped to engage critically with the world around them. 

Zimbabwe’s decision to prioritize Heritage Studies reflects its unique historical and cultural context, but it must not completely discard the analytical rigor offered by History. Both subjects are essential in their own right, and their integration can create a holistic education system that prepares learners for the challenges and opportunities of the modern world. The lessons from Nigeria and other countries serve as valuable reminders that the past, whether studied through the lens of History or Heritage Studies, remains a powerful tool for shaping the future.

 Disclaimer: The views expressed in this article are my own and do not represent those of my employer or any organization l am affiliated with.

Masvingo farmers embrace sustainable growth through GEF-7 initiative

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Masvingo farmers embrace sustainable growth through GEF-7 initiative

By Virginia Njovo

Rural communities across Masvingo Province are experiencing a significant transformation in agricultural practices and livelihoods through the Global Environment Facility’s (GEF-7) Dryland Sustainable Landscapes Impact Program (DSL-IP).

Implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in partnership with the Government of Zimbabwe, the programme is driving value addition, climate-resilient farming, and sustainable forest management throughout the region.

In districts like Zaka, smallholder farmers are increasingly adopting mechanized farming methods that enhance both productivity and climate resilience.

The strategic deployment of tractors, planters, and shellers has not only reduced labor intensity but also improved crop yields. This equipment is conveniently located near raw material sources to facilitate value addition for key crops including maize, soybeans, and small grains.

GEF-7 Project Coordinator Precious Marwadza highlighted the program’s focus on collective farmer empowerment in an interview with TellZim News.

“We have nearly 600 farmer groups across the Save and Runde sub-catchments, engaging in a range of activities from farming to value addition. Some are producing honey, wine, lotion, wax just to name a few,” said Marwadza.

Programme beneficiaries shared how the initiative has revolutionized their economic circumstances.

One member of a local company, Marula Zimbabwe, Wvelyn Masvimbo described the programme’s role in launching their business venture.

“Our company, Marula Zimbabwe, is based in Chivi Central Ward 16. We produce items such as shomwe, wine, marula butter, and resurrection tea, which we now sell on the market. Thanks to this, we can afford to send our children to tertiary education. We feel empowered our dignity as women has been restored,” she said.

Anna Rungwe from Shashe Agro Ecology emphasized the health advantages derived from the programme.

“We have gained confidence in our indigenous African crops, especially small grains. We practice organic farming without pesticides or treated seeds we are going natural. This promotes healthy eating and helps redefine the value of our traditional crops,” said Rungwe.

With sustained support from GEF-7 and its partners, Masvingo’s rural communities are emerging as exemplars of sustainable development. The integration of value addition, renewable energy, and climate-smart agricultural practices is not only enhancing livelihoods but also contributing to the restoration of degraded landscapes across the province.

Masuka urges farmers to adopt climate-resilient agriculture amid climate change

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Masuka urges farmers to adopt climate-resilient agriculture amid climate change

By Virginia Njovo

With the 2025–2026 farming season on the horizon, the Minister of Lands, Agriculture, Fisheries, Water and Rural Development, Dr. Anxious Jongwe Masuka, has called on farmers to embrace climate-proof agricultural practices. He stressed that Zimbabwe and the wider region are among the areas most severely impacted by climate change.

Minister Masuka spoke to TellZim News on the sidelines of the Zimbabwe Farmers’ Union (ZFU) 85th Annual Congress, held at Urban Lifestyles on October 24, 2025. He outlined several climate-adaptive techniques, such as Pfumvudza and water harvesting, as essential for building resilience.

“I encourage all farmers to practice climate-proof agriculture. Zimbabwe is heavily impacted by climate change, and we must adapt positively, especially since our economy is agro-based.

“There are several ways to implement climate-proof agriculture, such as Pfumvudza/Intwasa, which is currently practiced by the majority of farmers in Zimbabwe. Water harvesting is also an effective method of adapting to climate change, as its effects on agriculture are severe,” said Dr. Masuka.

The Minister also advised farmers to grow crops suited to their specific agro-ecological regions, using Masvingo as an example where small grains are better adapted than maize due to low and erratic rainfall.

“Masvingo has a high percentage of water resources in Zimbabwe, yet it often experiences droughts. This is mainly due to farmers insisting on planting maize instead of small grains, which are better suited to the soil type and rainfall patterns,” he added.

ZFU Secretary General, Paul Zakariya, echoed the Minister’s message, emphasizing the need for agro-ecological matching and crop insurance to cushion farmers against climate shocks.

“As ZFU, we encourage farmers to select crops that are suitable for their environments, which will improve yields. We also urge farmers to take out insurance so that in the event of a drought, they can continue farming in the next season,” said Zakariya.

However, Chiredzi ZFU Chairperson Simbarashe Mudzingwa raised pressing concerns about payment delays and market access, issues that continue to affect farmers’ livelihoods.

“I am one of the farmers in Chiredzi, Masvingo. We face challenges with delayed payments from those we supply. Sometimes, input suppliers disappear after delivery, leaving us stranded. For example, we currently have sunflowers that are losing value,” said Mudzingwa.

Chiredzi woman dies after lightning strike sets hut ablaze

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Chiredzi woman dies after lightning strike sets hut ablaze

By Ndinatsei Mavodza

CHIREDZI- A 25-year-old woman from Rushangarumwe village in Buffalo Range, Chenai Mahusani, died after lightning struck a thatched hut she was sleeping in, setting it ablaze.

Masvingo Deputy Provincial Police Spokesperson, Assistant Inspector Masauso Patinyu confirmed the incident which occurred on October 27, 2025.

Circumstances are that around 8 PM, that night Mahusani together with eight other family members went in the thatched hut to sleep.

It began to rain and the hut they were sleeping in was struck by lightning, burning it down.

Mahusani’s father and other villagers rushed to the scene in a rescue effort, attempting to put out the flames and save those inside.

They were able to rescue the eight family members alive but Mahusani had already died.

Her body was taken to Chiredzi General Hospital for post-mortem examination.

The incident has raised renewed concerns about the vulnerability of rural homes and schools to lightning strikes, especially with the arrival of the rainy season.

Recently, a violent storm destroyed several schools in Masvingo Province, leaving learners, teachers and villagers vulnerable, further highlighting the broader weather related threats faced by rural communities.

While public awareness on lightning and the dangers it poses remains important, there is need for practical implementation and this may include considering lightning protection systems that are affordable for rural communities.

Village Head’s son terrorizes community, rapes elderly, disabled women

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Village Head’s son terrorizes community, rapes elderly, disabled women

By Brighton Chiseva                                                                       

ZAKA – A 24-year-old man, whose father is the village head, was denied bail at Zaka Magistrates Court on Tuesday after being charged with two counts of rape that have terrorized the local community.

Lovemore Chimbidzikai, son of Village Head Toendepi Chimbidzikai, faces allegations of assaulting a 73-year-old woman and a 41-year-old woman with mental retardation.

The accused was remanded in custody by Magistrate Pauline Nyalenda after the state, led by prosecutor Davyson V Mavenga, strongly opposed bail. Chimbidzikai is scheduled to appear at Chiredzi Regional Court for trial on November 11.

The court heard that the first incident occurred on September 16, 2025, in Matamba Village, Chief Bota, Zaka.

It is alleged that around 8 PM, Chimbidzikai approached the elderly victim in her room, dragged her outside, and forcibly had sexual intercourse with her without her consent.

In a poignant detail, the matter was reportedly brought to light when the survivor went to report the incident to the accused’s own father, the village head.

The second alleged offence took place on October 25, 2025, in Chimbidzikai Village. The state told the court that the accused approached his second victim, a 41-year-old woman with mental retardation who is under treatment for psychosis, while she was washing plates. He stood behind her and sexually assaulted her.

The survivor, due to her condition, failed to cry for help and went to her kitchen hut, where the accused followed and again forcibly had sexual intercourse with her without her consent. The matter came to light when the victim later told her husband.

In opposing bail, the state argued that the accused has a known propensity to commit rape, with pending cases at Zaka Police Station (CR 62/10/25 and CR 141/10/25) and another with the Chiredzi Regional Court.

The investigating officer labelled Chimbidzikai a flight risk, noting that after committing one crime, he relocated to the Chibwe area where he then committed another rape. His lack of strong family ties, despite his father’s position, was also cited as making it easy for him to abscond.

The state’s case relies on positive identification by the complainants and medical examination by a nurse who concluded that evidence of penetration was definite in both cases.

Morana Investments donates sanitary wear to Chiredzi Government High       

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Morana Investments donates sanitary wear to Chiredzi Government High       

By Beatific Gumbwanda

Morana Investments, a Chiredzi-based company, has taken a significant step in supporting underprivileged girls at Chiredzi Government High School by donating essential menstrual hygiene products.

The initiative saw the company provide over 150 sanitary pads and a dedicated bin for the disposal of used pads, addressing a critical need among students who struggle to afford these basic necessities.

During the handover ceremony, Morana Investments Director Gabriel Tondhlana emphasized the importance of consistent support for young girls’ educational and personal needs.

“My fellow sisters, it is heart-wrenching to see girls being marginalized, not by their own choice but due to various circumstances. Linley (one of Morana Investments employees) came to me and described the situation here, and I assured her that we would take action to help these girls,” Tondhlana said.

He highlighted the educational impact of period poverty saying many would be forced to miss classes due to lack of the basic requirement.

 “Many girls miss lessons during their menstrual cycles due to the lack of sanitary wear, which can make them uncomfortable around their peers that why we decided to come in and help,” said Todhlana.

Tondhlana committed to making the support ongoing through partnerships with diaspora contacts, stating the need to have a database of the girls who needed support so that they can engage the diaspora community for help.

“This is just the beginning. We need to determine the actual number of girls who require support so that we can work with our partners from the diaspora to make it a consistent effort to provide for our sisters here.

“As Morana, we will not stop with this donation. You can always liaise with Linley if you need further assistance. As a businessman, I feel it is my obligation to contribute to the community. I may not have a lot, but it is the right thing to do.”

Linley Mundo of Morana Investments expressed her motivation for the initiative, explaining the challenges many girls face in accessing menstrual products.

“Many of us girls are struggling and don’t have the means to speak up about what we lack, such as sanitary pads. Some of us resort to using cloths, and we have been fortunate to have support from brothers who dedicate what little they have to help us with our needs,” Mundo explained.

She detailed the purpose of the disposal bin, saying it would be used solely for used pads that would be burnt regularly,” said Mundo.

“The reason we provided a bin is primarily for disposal purposes. It will serve as our designated bin for disposing of used pads, which I understand will be burned every week,” said.

The donation is expected to boost school attendance and confidence among female students during their menstrual cycles, ensuring they can focus on their education without interruption.

HIV prevalence declines in Masvingo Province

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HIV prevalence declines in Masvingo Province

By Andrew Zhou

MASVINGO  Masvingo Province has recorded a notable decline in the number of people living with HIV over the past four years, according to recently released data from the National AIDS Council (NAC) Monitoring and Evaluation office. 

The figures reflect substantial progress in the provinces HIV response, though officials emphasize the need for continued focus on vulnerable populations.

During a recent data presentation, NACs Masvingo Provincial Monitoring and Evaluation Officer, Munorwei Munyikwa, highlighted that the positive trend reflects the success of collaborative efforts between NAC, the Ministry of Health and Child Care, and other HIV/AIDS partners. He cautioned, however, against complacency.

The reductions we are observing demonstrate that our combined interventions such as prevention of mother-to-child transmission, antiretroviral therapy scale-up, and behavior change programmes are yielding results. Still, the disproportionate burden on women, especially young women, calls for intensified and targeted efforts, Munyikwa stated.

He noted that with the decline recorded across all age groups, the province was moving closer to achieving the UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets, which aim to ensure that 95% of people living with HIV know their status, 95% are on treatment, and 95% achieve viral suppression.

We have already reached the 95-95-95 goals, and our new target is 97% so that by 2030, we see few to no new infections in the province, Munyikwa added.

The data reveals that in 2020, a total of 147,729 people of all ages were living with HIV in Masvingo. By 2024, this number had dropped to 140,419a reduction of 7,310 individuals. NAC attributes the decline to improved access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), widespread community awareness programs, and effective prevention strategies.

Despite this progress, a gender breakdown reveals persistent disparities. In 2024, 84,998 females were living with HIV, compared to 55,421 males, underscoring the continued feminization of the epidemic.

Adults aged 15 and above remain the most affected group, with 132,328 people living with HIV in 2024, down from 134,615 in 2020. Among them, women continue to represent the larger share, with 80,973 females affected compared to 51,355 males.

Encouragingly, the most productive age group (1549 years) showed a significant decline, falling from 104,477 in 2020 to 93,416 in 2024. Analysts note that this trend indicates reduced new infections among the working-age populationa crucial factor for sustaining community livelihoods.

Declines were also observed among young people and adolescents. The number of youths (1524 years) living with HIV dropped from 14,092 in 2020 to 12,938 in 2024, while the figures for adolescents (1019 years) decreased from 12,670 to 10,284 during the same period.

Significant progress has also been made among children. In 2020, 13,115 children (014 years) were living with HIV, but by 2024, the number had fallen to 8,091a reduction of 5,024. The most dramatic decline was observed among infants (04 years), where cases nearly halved, dropping from 2,531 in 2020 to 1,357 in 2024.

Despite these gains, health experts stress that barriers such as stigma, gender inequality, and limited access to health services in rural areas continue to hinder further progress.

Moving forward, the NAC plans to strengthen community testing, support treatment adherence, and expand youth-focused prevention campaigns to ensure the downward trend in HIV prevalence continues.

Zaka residents live in fear as suspected buffalo roams farmlands

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Zaka residents live in fear as suspected buffalo roams farmlands

By TellZim Reporter

Residents of Murembwa Village in Ward 17 under Chief Nyakunhuwa, Zaka, are living in fear as a suspected buffalo continues to be spotted in local fields, with authorities yet to locate or remove the animal.

Village Head Kefas Chimunda confirmed to TellZim News that multiple villagers have reported sightings, though there is disagreement over whether the animal is a buffalo or a wildebeest (known in Shona as ngongoni).

“Several villagers have reported seeing the animal, but some are not sure if it is a buffalo. Some say it’s a wildebeest while others say it is a real buffalo. We appeal to authorities to come and locate it so that people can live peacefully,” said Chimunda.

He added that the community had stopped visiting the fields where the animal had been seen, creating challenges for those who graze their livestock in the area.

Ward 17 Councillor Chrispen Watadza acknowledged the reports and confirmed that authorities were aware of the situation, though no action had been taken.

One resident, Rekebi Mukumbi, who says he was familiar with buffaloes from his time working in Hwange, claimed to have seen the animal up close.

He expressed surprise at its behavior, noting that it ran away from him, unusual for a buffalo, which are typically fearless around people.

“I saw it about a hundred metres away. I know it from its stature and the horns. I worked in Hwange where I familiarized myself with animals, so I am convinced it’s a buffalo,” said Mukumbi.

He urged authorities to intervene, warning that buffaloes are dangerous and capable of attacking people.

“I know a buffalo is a dangerous animal; it is not afraid of people. But what surprised me that day is that after staring at me for some time, it ran away and disappeared into the bushes.

We did not hear any reports for several days, so we thought it had gone. I appeal to responsible authorities to come and track it before it injures someone,” said Mukumbi.

Mukumbi added that he first spotted the animal at the beginning of September, meaning it has been in the area for nearly two months.

The situation has raised broader concerns about wildlife management and public safety in rural communities, where human-wildlife conflict remains a persistent challenge.

al, it is not afraid of people, but what surprised me on the day is that after staring at me for some time, it ran away and disappeared into the bushes and we did not hear any report for several days so we thought it had gone.

I appeal to responsible authorities to come and track it before it injures people,” said Mukumbi

Mukumbi said he had seen the animal beginning of September meaning it was close to two months while it was in the area.

The incident highlights concerns about wildlife management and public safety in rural areas.

Bira ceremony ends in murder as siblings kill brother

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Bira ceremony ends in murder as siblings kill brother

By Ndinatsei Mavodza

MWENEZI – A family Bira ceremony in Nyika Village, under Chief Maranda, ended in tragedy after three brothers allegedly murdered their sibling, Takesure Gwezuva (41), over a dispute during the traditional ritual.

Masvingo Provincial Police Spokesperson Inspector Dhewa confirmed the incident, which occurred on October 18, 2025, around 2 PM.

The three brothers, Coleen Gwezuva (42), Taona Gwezuva (45), and Sheunesu Gwezuva (29) reportedly opposed the holding of the bira, a traditional Shona ritual intended to communicate with ancestors and seek their guidance.

The ceremony had been organized by Hnulanini Gwezuva, the father of the four brothers. Takesure was the only one who supported the idea, and the disagreement is believed to have been the key factor leading to the violent confrontation.

According to police accounts, during the ceremony, an altercation ensued between the brothers,  Taona and Sheunesu grabbed Takesure while Coleen struck him once on the head with a large stick. The blow caused a deep head injury, leaving him bleeding and unconscious.

Takesure was rushed to Mwenezi District Hospital around 3 PM the same day. Despite medical efforts, he succumbed to his injuries and died on October 19.

Inspector Dhewa appealed to the public for assistance in locating the accused, who remain at large.

“Investigations are in progress, and we appeal to members of the public for any information that may help us arrest the three,” he said.

The case has cast a spotlight on how deeply held beliefs and disagreements over traditional practices can escalate into fatal family conflicts, turning a ceremony meant for unity and guidance into a scene of irreversible loss.           

ZIFA launches inquiry as Sheasham Fc returns amid tight promotion race

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ZIFA launches inquiry as Sheasham Fc returns amid tight promotion race

By Staff Reporter

The Zimbabwe Football Association (ZIFA) has established a commission of inquiry to investigate Gweru-based Sheasham FC’s brief withdrawal from the Central Region Soccer League (CRSL), a move that sent ripples through the league and coincides with a heated battle for promotion to the Premier Soccer League.

Sheasham FC had pulled out of the league citing concerns over fairness, poor officiating, and an uneven playing field, but rescinded the decision less than a week later, returning to the competition.

In response, ZIFA moved swiftly, announcing the formation of a four-member Commission of Inquiry tasked with ‘establishing facts, assessing procedural compliance, and recommending measures to strengthen fairness, integrity, and transparency within league management.

In a press release dated October 17, the panel is chaired by legal and governance expert Ringisai Kudzanai Hillario Mapondera, and includes Jabulani Mpofu, Athletic Director at Lupane State University, Morelet S. Mathema, who is Vice President (Technical & Development) of the Zimbabwe Volleyball Association; and former referee Andrew Pamire.

The Commission’s mandate, as outlined by ZIFA, is to investigate the circumstances surrounding Sheasham FC’s withdrawal from the CRSL, determine whether the club exhausted all internal remedies under ZIFA statutes and league regulations, assess the league’s response to complaints, and submit a written report of findings and recommendations within seven working days.

The inquiry comes at a crucial stage of the season, as Sheasham FC battles Kwekwe-based Hardrock FC in a thrilling promotion race, with just one point separating the two sides.

“This is a corrective and reformative measure, aimed at restoring trust, integrity, and accountability in football administration. All stakeholders are expected to cooperate fully,” reads part of the press release.

With both the club and ZIFA under close scrutiny, fans are eagerly watching the developments as the promotion race reaches a dramatic climax.

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